The Basics of Back-Formation

The Basics of Back-Formation The Basics of Back-Formation The Basics of Back-Formation By Mark Nichol A back-formation is a new word produced by excising an affix, such as producing the verb secrete from the noun secretion. Many back-formations, like that one, acquire respectability, but others, especially more recent coinages, are considered nonstandard, so use them with caution. Back-formation can be seen as a form of clipping, though the distinction between one category and the other is that clipped forms (ad in place of advertisement, for example) are the same part of speech as the original form, whereas most back-formations are verbs formed from nouns. (Many back-formations are formed from words ending in -tion, such as automate and deconstruct.) Most back-formations eventually take their place among other standard terms, though they are often initially met with skepticism. For example, curate and donate, now accepted without question (and associated with the high pursuits of art and philanthropy, respectively), were once considered abominations. Newer back-formations that careful writers are wise to avoid include attrit, conversate, enthuse, incent, liaise, spectate, and surveil. These buzzwords are convenient hence their creation but they are widely considered inelegant, and in the case of at least a couple of them, concise synonyms are already available. (To spectate is to watch, and to surveil is to observe.) Sometimes, a back-formation is derived from a noun describing an action, as with attendee from attendance, or from a noun describing an actor, as with mentee from mentor. Many people consider such terms aberrant, and they are also ill advised in formal writing. Other back-formations derive from confusion about a base word. Cherry and pea both developed from the assumption that the original terms cherise and pease are plurals. More recently, biceps (and triceps) and kudos have been misunderstood as plurals, resulting in bicep, tricep, and kudo. Although cherry and pea were accepted without reservations into English long ago, bicep, tricep, and kudo are still considered nonstandard. Another class of back-formations are those shorn of their prefixes for humorous effect, such as gruntled from disgruntled and kempt from unkempt; rarely do such truncations enter the general lexicon. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Spelling category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:75 Synonyms for â€Å"Angry†How to Punctuate Descriptions of ColorsWords That Begin with Q

Report to a potential investor, comparing and analyzing two companies' Essay

Report to a potential investor, comparing and analyzing two companies' current and previous years group figures in the annual report for the year ended 2012 - Essay Example It is the parent company of Sainsbury Supermarkets Ltd involved in the retailing business in UK and other parts of the world. With a market share of over 16.5%, it is one of the leading chains in the market catering to the various needs of the customers. Tesco Ltd is the market leader in the retailing industry in UK with major share in the market. It is also the third largest retailer in the world in terms of revenue and has its operations outside United Kingdom also. Over the period of time, Tesco has served the diversified needs of its customers in UK as well as other global markets. As compared to 2011, there has been a positive growth in the revenue of Sainsbury of 5.3%. Revenue for the year 2011 was  £21,102(M) whereas for 2012, it was  £22,294(M). As compared to Sainsbury, Tesco’s revenue however grew by 6.8% indicating that Tesco has been better at improving its turnover for the year. There could be different factors resulting into this higher growth of Tesco because it is a global firm with presence in more international markets as compared to Sainsbury. Tesco is present in countries like India and China thus offering it much needed leverage against the difficult economic situations prevailing in UK and other developed world. In order to effectively shield itself against market movements, Sainsbury therefore needs to diversify its market presence to generate more value for its shareholders. Gross Profit margin for Sainsbury has declined from 5.5% to 5.4% however this reduction may not be large. Tesco’s gross profit margin has declined too from 8.5% to 8.2% showing a relatively larger reduction in the gross profit margin as compared to Sainsbury. It may therefore be a result of higher level of inflation prevailing in United Kingdom and other global markets. Profit margin of Sainsbury has declined from 3.0% to 2.7% whereas the

Assignment 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Assignment 1 - Essay Example From 16 August 1990 he had been detained in Bedford prison for the reason of deportation3. The second applicant had come to UK on 12 September 1975 as a result of her marriage to the case`s first applicant back in India, and she presently lives in Luton together with the two kids of the family, who are also the 3rd and 4th applicants. Home Secretary of the day resolved that the claimant needed to be deported from British since his continued presence in UK was never conducive for the public good citing reasons that were political in nature, that is, the international fight against terrorism. However, the claimant stood a real risk if deported to India since he would be tortured or killed by security forces. He resorted to applying an asylum. However, the UK court did not provide an asylum seeker the proper chance to argue the case. In establishing whether it has been substantiated that indeed there is a factual risk that the claimant, if expelled to India, was to be exposed to treatme nt that is contrary to Article 3, the British Court assessed all the material positioned before it. The role of the court here was to uphold the law and protect human rights, and so it had to trade carefully in this case. The expedient of the appointing security-cleared counsel, directed by the court, who was to cross-examine witnesses and in general help the court to investigate the strength of the case of State, served to demonstrate that there are techniques that can be applied which accommodate legitimate security concerns regarding the nature and intelligence information sources and yet accord the person a considerable measure of procedural justice. Enshrined in Article 3 is among the most fundamental values of a democratic society4. The British Court is much aware of the immense obstacles faced by States in the modern times concerning shielding their communities from the violence of terrorist. However, even under these circumstances, the court, as stipulated in British constit ution, still uphold the law and hold high the dignity of human rights. The Convention outlawed in absolute terms, inhuman, torture, degrading treatment or punishment, regardless of the victim’s conduct. Contrasting many of the substantive clauses in the Convention and in Protocols Nos. 4 and 1, Article 3 creates no provision for exceptions5. Moreover, no derogation originating from it is permissible according to Article 15 even if a public emergency arises that threaten the life of the nation. The legality of the detention of an individual with an aim of deportation did not rely on whether the underlying decision of deportation could be justified, and that the appellants had never dared to challenge his detention independently as opposed to a decision to deport him. The court held that expelling the claimant might engage the responsibility of the State, as stipulated in Article 3 where substantial justification are shown for believing that there would be factual risk on the d eportee of torture, inhuman, punishment or degrading treatment in the receiving country. Clause in Article 3 offers a complete prohibition of torture in the expulsion cases. The deportee`s conduct can never be a material consideration for British court in a situation where substantial grounds indicate that the deportee would definitely be at

Economic analysis of the new system Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Economic analysis of the new system - Essay Example The new economic system requires monthly equipment training (1 hour training), Monthly software training (1 hour training), and monthly IT training on new system software. The return on investment is very significant to a company because it predicts the ratio or percentage of profits or gains to cost. However, the company manager need to understand that return on investment does not talk about time nor does it show how long a business might take to gain a certain percentage. In addition, it does not demonstrate the risk or danger of an investment. Payback analysis is very significant since it shows the duration a business takes for the entire gains from an investment to reach the cumulative cost. Therefore, investments with less time for payback have lower risks or danger than those with much time or longer periods have. The benefits are tangible and intangible. The tangible benefits are enhanced quality and inventory. In addition, it facilitates inclusion of all devices with real components, it give mobile users time to carry out practical transactions in absence of an available terminal. It improves lead-time reduction, helps to ensure all devices are built with the correct components the first time, a dramatic reduction in costly material scraps and wasted overhead that result from rework and by minimizing the risk of mixed components. It also Improve operator efficiencies, PCVs use of mobile devices gives users the freedom to perform real-time transactions while they work without having to seek out an available terminal. Additionally, intangible Benefits are indirect benefits that cannot be seen. For instance, such benefits are enhancing customer service via increased access and increased company control, which in turn avoids misuse of company resources. Further, it Increases company’s tr ansparency and responsibility, less chance of "losing" documents and

History and Development of Mobile Technology

History and Development of Mobile Technology Mobile Technology Abstract The following report reviews an in-depth analysis of mobile technology over the years. Mobile phones enables communication of voice, images, text and video. The important fact is that these could be shared with anyone in any corner of the world at the demand of the user. Communication is no longer the only service mobile technology offers. It offers a wide range of services such as access to the World Wide Web, view television and movies, interact with GPS, play games and read and respond to barcode and augmented reality messages. To fully comprehend the topic mobile technology the history of it plays a major role. From the technical perspective, the history of mobile technologies originated with the limited use of radio frequencies; where the ability to establish simultaneous two-way communication (full duplex) was considered a technological feat. From the social perspective, mobile technologies began as a rare device used by limited personnel who needed to communicate to others in real time emergencies. From the user perspective, the history of mobile technologies began with the use of two way radios and evolved to the current state of prolific smartphones, tablets, and other mobile devices. Popularity of the technology sky rocketed with the invention of smart phones. Today there are more people using mobile phones that a personal computer. The future of the mobile technology unravels in front of our very eyes each passing hour. Introduction The Latin term mobile means ability to move or portable. Therefore mobile technology means, technology that is portable. Mobile devices enables access to services like (Naismith et al., 2004:36). Wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi) Bluetooth third generation (3G), fourth generation (4G), global system for mobile communications (GSM) and general packet radio service (GPRS) data services dial-up services data networking services using modems and telephone lines virtual private networks secure access to a private network Mobile technology has gone a long journey from a simple two way pager to a device that fits in your pocket which can be used as a substitute for a computer (Naismith et al., 2004:36). 1.1 History 1G 2G 3G 4G Year Early 80s 1991 2001 2010 Standards AMPS, NMT,TACS D-AMPS,GSM/GPRS, cdma One CDMA2000/ EV-DO, WCDMA/HSPA+,TD-SCDMA LTE. LTE Advanced Technology Analog Digital Digital Digital Bandwidth Narrow Band Broad Band Broad Band Data Rate Up to 2 Mbit/s xDSL-like experience Mobile 3G and 4G technologies continue to evolve to deliver faster and better mobile broadband experiences (Nordin et al., 2010:132). 2. Various devices which use mobile technology laptop and netbook computers tablet devices palmtop computers or PDAs Mobile phones and smart phones (Quinn, 2011:18). 3. The popularity of mobile devices According to a study done by the US consumers use mobile technology for the following Call SMS Mobile Web Apps Social networking ( Quinn, 2011:18). The quantity of individuals who utilize portable advances has developed such a great amount in the previous decade that there are presently a greater number of individuals utilizing mobile innovations than there are individuals utilizing PCs all through the world there are an incredible number of cell phones in current usage. These incorporate cell phones, PDAs, MP3 players, game devices, handhelds, tablets and laptops (Nordin et al., 2010:132). The astonishing fame of cell phones is shown by the way that by April 2012 more than 60 million iPads had been sold According to the CIA World Fact Book (South Africa Communications, 2012) .Worldwide sales of Smartphones increased 24 percent to 172.4 million units in 2009 according to Gartner, Inc. Popularity continues to grow because it provides services like emergency notification systems, customer service, customer payments, inventory management, employee dispatching, travel directions and non-profit fundraising. For an example, When the Red Cross recently used Mobile to raise funds for Haiti almost $5 million was raised in less than 48 hours- all via Mobile (Valk, Rashid Elder, 2010). 4. Mobile devices and interactivity There are four sorts of intelligence: up close and personal intuitiveness, PC intervened intelligence, human-PC intelligence, and synchronous gathering intelligence. Intuitiveness helps understudies to create ideas and place them in their right setting. This thusly helps understudies to build up their very own intellectual structures. Intelligence likewise give understudies chances to make their own learning condition. This, thus, has a noteworthy effect on their learning since it brings about more dynamic learning and gives valuable input to the address (vant Hooft, Brown-Martin Swan, 2008). 5.Advantages and disadvantages ÂÂ  Advantages Mobile computing can improve the customer service Powerful solutions can link directly. Supports for more flexible working practices by providing customer friendly services (Wagner, 2005:44). DisadvantagesÂÂ   Cost required to set up the equipments and training is high Cyber security system is needed to ensure the safety of imported data from getting exposed to unauthorized people via mobile devices (Wagner, 2005:44). 6.Ongoing Research on mobile technology M2M networking for IoT-based Intelligent Environments efforts within this context focus on the interconnection of large numbers of such heterogeneous smart objects, enabling the communication provision for applications spanning from Intelligent Transportation Systems to Intelligent Building Management. This is performed through the usage of cognitive radio inspired M2M communications(Quinn, 2011:18). Real-Time Monitoring of Available Bandwidth Optimization Concepts for Capacity Analysis of Wireless Communications The research develops novel optimization concepts, models, and mathematical programming algorithms for capacity analysis problems in wireless networks. Solving these problems generate insights and understanding going beyond the state-of-the-art of performance analysis of wireless communications (Quinn, 2011:18). Generating Road Traffic Information from Cellular Networks(Quinn, 2011:18) 7. Future Analysis Future of the technology could go from faster transfer speeds to the ability to communicate a relative who lives in a newly found planet. Some recent expected upgrades include- Flexible mobile devices, wearable technology, and mobile wallets completely replacing notes and coins, 5G networks and devices which are capable of interpreting ones thoughts. It is not strange to predict that one day when a new born is born the first thing the doctors would do will be implementing a mobile device so small into their bodies enabling communication and access to information in ways which we cannot imagine (Wagner, 2005:44). Electro vibration technology will change the mobile touchscreen experience dramatically. You will be able to feel different kinds of texture. This advancement can also lead to socially beneficial trends. For instance, blind people can use it for Braille, and access smartphones like everybody else. Running out of battery power is one of the most persistent and frequent complaints of most smartphone users. The availability of the ultra-rapid charger that comes with an advanced battery technology that will allow you to charge your phone completely in just 30 seconds (vant Hooft, Brown-Martin Swan, 2008). 8. Conclusion As stated in the report above mobile technology has evolved from where it was first invented, up to date. It will obliviously continue to expand the horizons and touch human lives. Mobile technology which was foreign to many has now become an essential part in life. It will further help people to break barriers and explore the world and quite possibly the world beyond our world. Mobile technology has its advantages and disadvantages towards the society. It is worth noting that sufficient precautions should be placed in order to manage the misuse of the technology. This could be done through proper education and guidance in regard to this technology. Proper practice should always be promotedÂÂ   (Naismith et al., 2004:36). Encouragement on further research to develop the technology should be promoted. Universities and individuals interested in that matter should have easier ways to access funds for their researches. 9.References NAISMITH, L., LONSDALE, P., VAVOULA, G. SHARPLES, M. 2004. Literatureview in mobile technologies and learning. [Online] Available from: http://www.futurelab.org.uk/resources/publications-reports-articles/literature reviews/Literature-Review203 [Accessed 15 October 2009]:1-47. NORDIN, N., EMBI, M.A. YUNUS, M.M. 2010. Mobile Learning framework for lifelong learning. Procedia Social and Behavioural Sciences, 7(C):130-138. QUINN, C. 2011. Designing mLearning. San Francisco: Pfeiffer. South Africa Communications 2012.ÂÂ   [Online] (Updated 6 March 2012) Available from: http://www.theodora.com/wfbcurrent/south_africa/south_africa_communications.h tml [Accessed 25 June 2012]. VALK, J-H., RASHID, A.T. ELDER, L. 2010. Using mobile phones to improve educational outcomes: An analysis of evidence from Asia. The International review of research in open and distance learning. [Online] Available from: http://www.irrodl.org/index.php/irrodl/article/view/794/1487 [Accessed 13 November 2011]. VANT HOOFT, M., BROWN-MARTIN, G. SWAN, K. 2008. Anywhere, anytime learning using highly mobile devices. [Online] In: Tomei, L.A. Encyclopedia of information technology curriculum integration. Available from: http://www.books24x7.com/book/id_18674/viewer.asp?bookid=18674chunkid=0 907360816 [Accessed 16 December 2010]. WAGNER, E.D. 2005. Enabling mobile learning. EDUCAUSE Review, 40(3):42 44.

The Ancient Mayans Essay -- History Historical Essays

The Ancient Mayans "The Maya" in Across the Centuries gives a good overview of the Maya. However, the text fails to expand and several key issues such as the influence of the Olmecs, social structure, the relevance of sacrifices, Spain's influence on the history of the Maya, and how the Mayan civilization fell. By leaving out the aforementioned issues the Maya are given less recognition than they deserve. By glossing over the Maya the authors of Across the Centuries essentially teach children that the Maya ar not of crucial importance. Across the Centuries' inadequate "The Maya" not only teaches students to not care about other cultures, it denies them the knowledge of an ancient culture more than worthy of recognition. "The Maya" begins with a quote from John Lloyd Stephens, one of the first Europeans to come across the remnants of the Mayan civilization. The chapter then explains where the Maya lived and the conditions of their environment. The agricultural methods are then elaborated on, followed by a section devoted to priests and kings. Finally "the Maya" ends with Mayan achievements. The whole chapter consists of only six pages, a rather small amount of information for a culture of such importance. According to The Maya "whether or not one thinks of the Olmecs as the "mother culture" of Mesoamerica, the fact is that many other civilizations, including the Maya, were ultimately dependent on the Olmec achievement"(Coe 50). It is believed that the Olmec, a civilization that inhabited the Yucatan Peninsula before the Maya, is responsible for many of the Mayan achievements in mathematics, architecture, and astrology. Unfortunately, Across the Centuries only mentions the Olmecs in "the Maya" when referring to the... ...tory pertaining to dominant versus minority cultural history, a sad fact especially in this day and age. Unequal proportioning is clearly scene in Across the Centuries' "The Maya", which is only six pages long. Hopefully one day our children will have textbooks with the latest objective information, until then teachers will continue to modify their lessons to prevent this unequal historical proportioning. Works Cited Armento, Beverly and Nash, Gary and Salter, Chistopher and Wixon, Karen. Across the Centuries. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1991. Bently, Jerry and Ziegler, Herber. Traditions and Encounters: A Global Perspective on the Past.Boston: McGrawHill, 2000. Coe, Michael. The Maya. 6th edition. London: Thames and Hudson, 1999. Culbert, T. Patrick. The Lost Civilization: The Story of the Classic Maya. New York: Harper and Row, 1974.

Budgeting in Cooperatives

BUDGETING IN CO OPERATIVES A budget is a statement about the allocation of money (income and expenditure) according to a set of priorities or a plan over a period of time. The advantages of having a budget and budgeting system are as follows: Â ¦ It ensures the plans and ultimately the objectives of the co-operative are realized; Â ¦ It provides a means to control expenditure and ensure corrective measures are in place if over-expenditure has occurred or is happening; Â ¦ It assists in communicating financial information to all in the co-operative – everyone will know how money coming in will be spent; It assists with plan implementation; Â ¦ It helps to measure performance of the co-operative; Â ¦ It is also a motivational tool because it gives direction. If a co-operative does not budget the following disadvantages will occur: Â ¦ There will be no sense of direction; Â ¦ Overspending will happen and financial control will breakdown; Â ¦ Decisions will be made in an a d hoc or unplanned way; Â ¦ There will be unrealiable financial information. There are two main ways of budgeting: (1) Incremental: incremental budgeting works with last year’s figures.It means adjusting to some degree the budget to fit the current year. This is a very problematic way to budget. It assumes the objectives or priorities for the co-operative are the same every year. It might even repeat some of the problems of last year’s budget. (2) Zero Based: zero-based budgeting is based on analyzing the costs afresh for the year. It allows the budget to be aligned to new objectives for the coming period. All expenditures have to be justified and in line with the objectives of the co-operative.There are many things that should and should not be done when drawing up a budget. The Do’s: Â ¦ Be hard nosed and realistic; Â ¦ Take last year’s budget expenditure and the actual results into account – assess where there were variances; Â ¦ Know what t he fixed and variable costs of the co-operative are; Â ¦ Develop budget headings that fit in with the operations of the co-operative as a whole; Â ¦ Collect information thoroughly; Â ¦ Decide to go for incremental or zero-based budgeting. The Don’ts: Â ¦ Neglect to involve members and other stakeholders; Leave too little time to prepare the budget; Â ¦ Make over-optimistic assumptions about income, in particular. The drawing up of a budget should take at least a full month of research, participatory input and drafting. It should come after the board has had an opportunity to plan for the forthcoming year. How should a budget be drawn up? Step 1: Identify the key plans and objectives/priorities for the co-operative. Step 2: Cost these objectives or priorities using last year’s budget and the actual results.Know what is coming in and out by breaking costs under different headings such as wages, rent, telephone, etc. Think through the fixed and variable costs such as permanent staff costs and the cost of raw material. Ask important questions about the income and outgoings. Are there likely to be any changes? Step 3: Build in budget control parameters such as monthly or weekly tracking income and expenditure against the budget. The C E O should give reports to the board on changes or variances and recommend corrective action.Step 4: A draft budget must be presented to the all worker-owners for input. It must then be tabled at the board and General Body for approval. Step 5: Once AGM’s approval is given, the budget must be communicated to everyone in the co-operative and must be freely available. Step 6: Consistent and ongoing monitoring by the C E O and the finance subcommitteemust occur. Regular reports must be given to the board and where there are variances between income or expenditure and budgets, this must be reported to the board and corrective action put into place.